This paper uses data from the survey of “Wellbeing of Elderly in Anhui Province, China” conducted by the Institute for Population and Development of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Based on the “exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity” analysis framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and a comprehensive index assessment model, the study builds an assessment index system and an assessment model for the vulnerability of rural elderly family, which are based on the exposure level, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of elderly rural family. The Vulnerability Index is used to measure the vulnerability of rural elderly family, and the types of vulnerability indexes and their dimensional differences are discussed. The results show that the vulnerability of old-age support systems of rural elderly family maintained a high level; 51.81% of respondents are belonged to high-and mediumlevel vulnerable families. Rural elderly living in the high-level vulnerable families have the characteristics of seniority, low education level, low ability of ADLs, and low family income. The characteristics of mediumlevel vulnerable rural elderly families are similar to those of highlevel vulnerable families. The levels of exposure and sensitivity of rural elderly families with widowed elders, having daughters only or do not live with children and grandchildren are high.